李白 (大鹏一日同风起,扶摇直上九万里 -- 飘逸)/杜甫 (感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心 -- 心学/唯心主义)/白居易 (野火烧不尽,春风吹又生 -- 自然) 安史之乱 唐明皇/杨贵妃Then just like a pendulum, weak Chinese dynasties followed their stronger predecessors and China was no longer once respected 东土大唐 anymore. In Europe, Viking raids happened all over from British islands to Eastern Europe. Scandinavians or the Norse men even ventured into areas further east than Jerusalem in Crusader's army, or served as the Varangian Guard of Constantinople. Norsemen successfully took England from other stationed areas such as Normandy with the force led by Duke of Normandy. Some others Norsemen ventured as far as later day Ukraine or Russia and it was said Vikings were the first group of Europeans entered the Americas. China entered the weak dynasty of 宋 founded by a true master of martial art called 赵匡胤. 千里送京娘,黄袍加身/陈桥兵变,杯酒释兵权/重文轻武 杨家将/穆桂英 狄青/包公 秦湘莲/陈世美 苏轼/陆游/李清照 宋江/方腊 梁山泊一百单八条好汉 (结拜的兄弟越来越多 三十六天罡 七十二地煞 武松 鲁智生 林冲 宋江) 张叔夜 There was a period Europe and China looked alike, each one with no strong centralized government on the continent, tribes and states conducted opportunistic raiding against richer nations and seemed to be getting upper hands. Plundering, pillaging and raiding of peace loving, inert and wealthy nations seemed to be the story of the day. In fact, what used be considered as barbaric nation in the edge areas of the wealthy nations by slow encroachment into the central areas to become the ruler, was not uncommon in the world history. On the other hand, for rich nations/states to forget such lessons again and again had also been a persistent theme through out the world history. 周,秦,清 ruling elites were all called 夷 or 戎 before taking over the center stage 问鼎中原. Same could traced back for the ruling classes of many countries in Europe. From Romulus and the humble origin of the Roman Empire to Duke of Normandy and his successful raid of England with his followers, it did seemed that 王侯将相宁有种乎,有!戎夷匪寇也. 完颜阿骨达/完颜兀术 岳飞 韩世忠 成吉思汗 四子/四杰/四勇士 忽必烈 马可波罗 When space travel move into the area of less than one thousand light-years away, one will quickly see the Earth experienced flows of conquering and raids swept through the Eastern and Western ends of the Eurasia continent. In the West, a pope named Urban II decided to sell the tickets of entering the heaven to whoever wants to fight for the Catholic church in the name of cross. Afterwards, waves and waves of Crusaders took arm, with their aims often pointing at two cities in the Mideast with wealth and religions prestige, one being Jerusalem and the other Constantinople. In the East, along with weakening of a unified Chinese central government, nomadic peoples included 辽,金,西夏,蒙古 took turn taking control of the East Asia, sometimes sharing power with 宋. Being super successful and overachieving, were the Mongolians who rode out not only eastward, southward, but also westward too. They brought wars and chaos into Western Asia and Eastern Europe among Muslim and Christians alike. There was a domino effect with the Mongolian conquering, since some defeated Muslim troops had nowhere else to go but further West into Europe. Soon Turkish fighters grew stronger and stronger and eventually sacked Constantinople to finally end the Eastern Roman Empire. In Western history books, Mongolians were often described as master of "fake retreat", and a pure destruction force that was brutal, immoral and probably illiterate, with little influence in art, literature and cultural matters. But Mongol invasions did introduce several phenomenons that changed the world, including things such as paper money and organized small units in armed forces 十夫长 百夫长 千夫长 万夫长. More important contribution by the Mongolian to the world culture was to bring people and knowledge from Asia and Europe together -- one early wave of globalization. It was the desire to trade with Asian people that motivated people like Columbus to sail west and eventually discovered the New World. Mongolian Empire was short lived and after its collapse, China entered into 明 dynasty. This dynasty was not particularly strong nor particularly weak. Many talented people made their mark in this dynasty, but it also missed many opportunities to advance in industrial and scientific development. Failure to have a world view, no attempts to keep pace with development in science, and finally, regulations to forbid sailing freely to explore the world outside of Chinese landmass, pretty much sew the seeds for the miseries laid ahead for generations of Chinese. 刘福通 (石人一只眼 - 宗教迷信) 朱元璋 常遇春 徐达 (更多的异姓兄弟) 陈友谅/鄱阳湖之战 郑和/七下西洋 于谦/两袖清风/粉身碎骨 戚继光 王阳明 崇祯/袁从焕 李自成/吴三桂/陈圆圆 努尔哈赤/皇太极 Eastern Roman Empire finally fell, with its latest Emperor being a grand child of a Serbian. He was named a martyr, a saint, a national hero of Greece, even though he did not even remotely look like Roman of the Julius Cesar era. In the end, East Roman Empire was Greek rather than Latin, the thousand year empire do not use even the same official language as its original one. Upon the ultimate defeat and sack of Constantinople by Turks, the Emperor Constantine XI disappeared mythical just like the first Emperor of Rome, Romulus, who simply faded away. But this time Constantine XI disappeared into a much larger firework, he picked up his sword and charged into the large crowd of Turks in the streets and his body was never seen again. Hagia Sophia now become a combination of a mosque and a church with certain parts of it being what used to be for an Orthodox church, and the rest look like decorations for a mosque. It was rumored a Muslim leader later said "Solomon, I have surpassed you" in this building again.
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